Archived from groups: comp.sys.handhelds Rick wrote: Long shot, I guess, but does anyone know where I can find an electronic copy of this manual somewhere on the web? Well, you never know. I've got FX790p and fx3600p manuals; someone might still have FX-720P ones. Presumably you've done a web search for anyone claiming to own one?
In our lovely calculators are some programs from the library not documented in the manual and not in the paper enclosure in the list of programs that comes with the calculator. If any one need All survey programs for casio FX-880p contact me [email protected]. Log in to Reply. FX-702P (1) FX-750P (1) PB-110 (1) PB-100 (1) PB-1000 (1. The FX-702P was Casio's answer to Sharp's PC-121x series. In certain ways, this machine marks the transition from keystroke programmables such as the FX-601P/602P to 'real' pocket computers.
I've given copies of my 3600 manuals to a couple of people emailing me out of the blue already; fortunately no-one's asked for the FX790p ones as they'reconsiderably longer.
A 28-year-old FX-702P in working condition Type Manufacturer Introduced 1981 Discontinued 1984 Calculator Entry mode Precision 12 digit mantissa, ±99 exponent Display type Display size 20 Characters CPU Processor Programming Programming language(s) User memory 1,680 bytes Interfaces Ports one vendor specific Connects to via:. via one of:. Direct. Other Power supply 2×CR-2032 Lithium (external power not supported) Weight 176 g. With batteries Dimensions 165W x 82D x 17H mm The FX-702P is a, manufactured by from 1981 to 1984. Contents.
Display The FX-702P features a single line dot matrix liquid crystal display with 20 characters. A 10-digit is displayed (including minus sign) however internal calculations use a 12-digit mantissa.
Programming The programming model employed is a special dialect. Ten programming areas are supported, P0 through P9. BASIC lines can be numbered from 1 through to 9999. Are supported, but passing to subroutines is not supported. The subroutine can be up to 10 deep. Both lines and subroutines can be via line number calculation. Structures can be nested up to eight times.
A single one and/or two dimensional is supported however array memory space must be reserved (subtracted) from the 1,680 character program space via the DEFM command. Array memory can be to fixed variable names, for example A(11) references the same location as variable B1. Both programs and data can be stored to magnetic tape. Data can be stored under program control. Programs can be protected from both listing and execution. Interface Casio FP-10 Connects to, and FX-702P via one of:.
direct connection. optional 6 Volt DC power supply Manufacturer Introduced 1981 Type Weight 405 g. With batteries Dimensions 156 × 82 × 45 mm The FX-702P uses the interface which is also used by the.
The interface features a interface and printer port for the thermal printer. The printer can also be connected directly to the calculator. The FP-10 was used with the of and the FX-702P to print out programs, data register and display content.
Although the feature was not documented, the FP-10 can also be used with the and was able to print out programs in Key-code notation. References. – Casio Computer Co. Is a multinational consumer electronics and commercial electronics manufacturing company headquartered in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Its products include calculators, mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic musical instruments and it was founded in 1946, and in 1957 released the worlds first entirely electric compact calculator.
Casio was a digital camera innovator, and during the 1980s and 1990s. Casio was established in April 1946 by Tadao Kashio, an engineer specializing in fabrication technology.
Kashios first major product was the pipe, a finger ring that would hold a cigarette. Japan was impoverished immediately following World War II, so cigarettes were valuable, after seeing the electric calculators at the first Business Show in Ginza, Tokyo in 1949, Kashio and his younger brothers used their profits from the yubiwa pipe to develop their own calculators.
Most of the calculators at that time worked using gears and could be operated by using a crank or using a motor. Toshio possessed some knowledge of electronics, and set out to make a calculator using solenoids, the desk-sized calculator was finished in 1954 and was Japans first electro-mechanical calculator.
Another distinguishing innovation was the use of a display window instead of the three display windows used in other calculators. In 1957 Casio released the Model 14-A, sold for 485,000 yen, the worlds first all-electric compact calculator,1957 also marked the establishment of Casio Computer Co. In the 1980s, its budget electronic instruments and its line of home electronic musical keyboard instruments became popular. The company also became known for the wide variety and innovation of its wristwatches. It was one of the earliest manufacturers of quartz watches, both digital and analog and it also began selling calculator watches during this time. In the 1970s and 80s, Casio was known for its electronic calculators, today, Casio is most commonly known for making durable and reliable digital watches. The G-Shock range of shock resistant watches is popular, with the 1983 G-Shock DW-5600C being highly sought-after by collectors, Casio made a variety of digital watches with in-built games in the 1980s and 90s, which were highly popular at the time.
Casio also makes products for local markets, including a Prayer Compass watch designed to help Muslims pray on time, note, This is a list of selected calculators. Figures in parentheses imply approximate year of introduction, note, This is a list of selected models. Wiki collection of works on Casio 2.
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– A liquid-crystal display is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome and they use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs are used in a range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays. Small LCD screens are common in consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators.
LCD screens are used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube displays in all applications. LCD screens are available in a range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to huge. Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in when an image is displayed on a screen for a long time.
LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence, the LCD screen is more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT can. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than CRTs can be, by 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes. Without the liquid crystal between the filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure.
This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and this light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue pixels. The optical effect of a TN device in the state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state.
Because of this, TN displays with low content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used, for this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers 3. – The Compact Cassette or Musicassette, also commonly called cassette tape, audio cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is an analog magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback. It was released by Philips in 1962, having developed in Hasselt. Compact cassettes come in two forms, either already containing content as a cassette, or as a fully recordable blank cassette. Its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data storage for early microcomputers, the first cassette player designed for use in car dashes was introduced in 1968.
Between the early 1970s and the early 2000s, the cassette was one of the two most common formats for prerecorded music, first alongside the LP record and later the compact disc. Compact Cassettes contain two miniature spools, between which a magnetically coated, polyester-type plastic film is passed and wound and these spools and their attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell. This reversal is achieved either by flipping the cassette, or by having the machine itself change the direction of tape movement. In 1935, decades before the introduction of the Compact Cassette, AEG released the first reel-to-reel tape recorder and it was based on the invention of the magnetic tape by Fritz Pfleumer, which used similar technology but with open reels. These instruments were expensive and relatively difficult to use and were therefore used mostly by professionals in radio stations.
In 1958, following four years of development, RCA Victor introduced the stereo, quarter-inch, reversible, however, it was a large cassette, and offered few pre-recorded tapes. Despite the multiple versions, it failed, consumer use of tape only took off in the early 1960s, after playback machines reached a comfortable, user-friendly design. This was achieved primarily by the introduction of transistors which replaced the bulky, fragile, reel-to-reel tape then became more suitable to household use, but still remained an esoteric product. The team at Philips was led by Lou Ottens in Hasselt, Philips was competing with Telefunken and Grundig in a race to establish its cassette tape as the worldwide standard, and it wanted support from Japanese electronics manufacturers. However, the Philips Compact Cassette became dominant as a result of Philips decision to license the format free of charge, Philips also released the Norelco Carry-Corder 150 recorder/player in the US in November 1964. By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone, by 1968,85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players. By the end of the 1960s, the business was worth an estimated 150 million dollars.
In the early years sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of 8-track tape, the Compact Cassette went on to become a popular alternative to the 12-inch vinyl LP during the late 1970s. The mass production of blank Compact Cassettes began in 1964 in Hanover, prerecorded music cassettes were launched in Europe in late 1965 4. – Programmable calculators are calculators that can automatically carry out a sequence of operations under control of a stored program, much like a computer. The first programmable calculators such as the IBM CPC used punched cards or other media for program storage, hand-held electronic calculators store programs on magnetic strips, removable read-only memory cartridges, or in battery-backed read/write memory. Since the early 1990s, most of these flexible handheld units belong to the class of graphing calculators, before the mass-manufacture of inexpensive dot-matrix LCDs however, programmable calculators usually featured a one-line numeric or alphanumeric display. The Big Four manufacturers of programmable calculators are Casio, Hewlett-Packard, Sharp, all of the above have also made pocket computers in the past, especially Casio and Sharp. As they are used for graphing functions, the screens of these machines are pixel-addressable, programming capability appears most commonly in graphing calculators, as the larger screen allows multiple lines of source code to be viewed simultaneously.
Many programs written for calculators can be found on the internet, users can download the programs to a personal computer, and then upload them to the calculator using a specialized link cable, infrared wireless link or through a memory card. Sometimes these programs can also be run through emulators on the PC, programming these machines can be done on the machine, on the PC side and uploaded as source code, or compiled on the PC side and uploaded as with Flash and some C/C implementations. Programmes, data, and so forth can also be exchanged amongst similar machines via the ports on the calculator used for PC connectivity. On-board programming tools which use non-native language implementations include the On-Board C Compiler for fx series Casio calculators, commonly available programs for calculators include everything from math/science related problem solvers to video games, as well as so-called demos. The companies themselves also have such as TIEducation. Com with information.
In the early days most programmable calculators used a simplified programming language. Calculators supporting such programming were Turing-complete if they supported both conditional statements and indirect addressing of memory, notable examples of Turing complete calculators were Casio FX-602P series, the HP-41 and the TI-59.
Keystroke programming is used in mid-range calculators like the HP 35s. BASIC is a programming language commonly adapted to desktop computers. The most common languages now used in high range calculators are proprietary BASIC-style dialects as used by CASIO and these BASIC dialects are optimised for calculator use, combining the advantages of BASIC and keystroke programming. They have little in common with mainstream BASIC, the version for the Ti-89 and subsequent is more fully featured, including the full set of string and character manipulation functions and statements in standard Basic. A complete port of BBC Basic to the TI-83 subfamily of calculators is now available and it is installed via a cable or IrDA connection with a computer. RPL is a special Forth-like programming language used by Hewlett Packard in its high range devices, the first device with RPL calculator was the HP-28C released in 1987 5.
– An electronic calculator is a small, portable electronic device used to perform operations ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics. The first solid state electronic calculator was created in the 1960s, building on the history of tools such as the abacus. It was developed in parallel with the computers of the day. The pocket sized devices became available in the 1970s, especially after the first microprocessor and they later became used commonly within the petroleum industry.
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Modern electronic calculators vary, from cheap, give-away, credit-card-sized models to sturdy desktop models with built-in printers and they became popular in the mid-1970s. By the end of decade, calculator prices had reduced to a point where a basic calculator was affordable to most.
In addition to general purpose calculators, there are designed for specific markets. For example, there are scientific calculators which include trigonometric and statistical calculations, some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, as of 2016, basic calculators cost little, but the scientific and graphing models tend to cost more. In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated 41% of the worlds general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information, by 2007, this diminished to less than 0. Modern 2016 electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations, most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation on each button, however, in more specific calculators, a button can perform multi-function working with key combinations. Large-sized figures and comma separators are used to improve readability. Various symbols for function commands may also be shown on the display, fractions such as 1⁄3 are displayed as decimal approximations, for example rounded to 0.33333333.
Also, some fractions can be difficult to recognize in decimal form, as a result, Calculators also have the ability to store numbers into computer memory. Basic types of these only one number at a time.
The variables can also be used for constructing formulas, some models have the ability to extend memory capacity to store more numbers, the extended memory address is termed an array index. Power sources of calculators are, batteries, solar cells or mains electricity, some models even have no turn-off button but they provide some way to put off. Crank-powered calculators were also common in the computer era 6. – BASIC is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use. In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language at Dartmouth College in the U.
State of New Hampshire and they wanted to enable students in fields other than science and mathematics to use computers. At the time, nearly all use of computers required writing custom software, versions of BASIC became widespread on microcomputers in the mid-1970s and 1980s.
Microcomputers usually shipped with BASIC, often in the machines firmware, having an easy-to-learn language on these early personal computers allowed small business owners, professionals, hobbyists, and consultants to develop custom software on computers they could afford. In the 2010s, BASIC remains popular in many computing dialects and in new languages influenced by BASIC, before the mid-1960s, the only computers were huge mainframe computers.
Users submitted jobs on punched cards or similar media to specialist computer operators, the computer stored these, then used a batch processing system to run this queue of jobs one after another, allowing very high levels of utilization of these expensive machines. As the performance of computing hardware rose through the 1960s, multi-processing was developed and this allowed a mix of batch jobs to be run together, but the real revolution was the development of time-sharing. The original BASIC language was released on May 1,1964 by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E.
Kurtz, the acronym BASIC comes from the name of an unpublished paper by Thomas Kurtz. BASIC was designed to allow students to write computer programs for the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System. It was intended specifically for technical users who did not have or want the mathematical background previously expected. Being able to use a computer to support teaching and research was quite novel at the time, the language was based on FORTRAN II, with some influences from ALGOL60 and with additions to make it suitable for timesharing.
Wanting use of the language to become widespread, its designers made the available free of charge. They also made it available to schools in the Hanover area. In the following years, as dialects of BASIC appeared, Kemeny. A version was a part of the Pick operating system from 1973 onward.
During this period a number of computer games were written in BASIC. A number of these were collected by DEC employee David H. Ahl and he later collected a number of these into book form,101 BASIC Computer Games, published in 1973. During the same period, Ahl was involved in the creation of a computer for education use 7. – A scientific calculator is a type of electronic calculator, usually but not always handheld, designed to calculate problems in science, engineering, and mathematics.
They have almost completely replaced slide rules in almost all traditional applications, there is also some overlap with the financial calculator market. A few have multi-line displays, with recent models from Hewlett-Packard, Texas Instruments, Casio, Sharp.
By providing a method to enter an entire problem in as it is written on the page using simple formatting tools, the HP-35, introduced on February 1,1972, was Hewlett-Packards first pocket calculator and the worlds first handheld scientific calculator. Like some of HPs desktop calculators it used RPN, introduced at US$395, the HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975. Texas Instruments, after the introduction of units with scientific notation, came out with a handheld scientific calculator on January 15,1974. TI continues to be a player in the calculator market. Casio and Sharp have also been major players, with Casios fx series being a common brand. Casio is also a player in the graphing calculator market 8.
– A graphing calculator is a handheld calculator that is capable of plotting graphs, solving simultaneous equations, and performing other tasks with variables. Most popular graphing calculators are also programmable, allowing the user to create customized programs, typically for scientific/engineering, because they have large displays, graphing calculators also typically display several lines of text and calculations at the same time. Casio produced the first commercially available graphing calculator, the fx-7000G, sharp produced its first graphing calculator, the EL-5200, in 1986. Since then Sharps innovations include models with a touchscreen, Equation Editor, hewlett Packard followed in the form of the HP-28C.
This was followed by the HP-28S, HP-48SX, HP-48S, models like the HP 50g or the HP Prime feature a computer algebra system capable of manipulating symbolic expressions and analytic solving. An unusual and powerful CAS calculator is the now obsolete year 2001 Casio Cassiopeia A-10 and A-11 stylus-operated PDAs, the HP series of graphing calculators is best known for its Reverse Polish notation / Reverse Polish Lisp interface, although the HP-49G introduced a standard expression entry interface as well. Texas Instruments has produced graphing calculators since 1990, the oldest of which was the TI-81, some of the newer calculators are similar, with the addition of more memory, faster processors, and USB connection such as the TI-82, TI-83 series, and TI-84 series. Other models, designed to be appropriate for students 10–14 years of age, are the TI-80, other TI graphing calculators have been designed to be appropriate for calculus, namely the TI-85, TI-86, TI-89 series, and TI-92 series. TI offers a CAS on the TI-89, TI-Nspire CAS and TI-92 series of calculators, TI calculators are targeted specifically to the educational market, but are also widely available to the general public. Some graphing calculators have a computer system, which means that they are capable of producing symbolic results.
These calculators can manipulate algebraic expressions, performing such as factor, expand. In addition, they can give answers in exact form without numerical approximations, Calculators that have a computer algebra system are called symbolic or CAS calculators.
Examples of symbolic calculators include the HP 50g, the HP Prime, the TI-89, the TI-Nspire CAS, student laboratory exercises with data from such devices enhances learning of math, especially statistics and mechanics. Some of the most notable and extensive community-driven graphing calculator archives are ticalc. Org and it is simple to download games to a graphing calculator, as nearly all calculator program archives are free and open source. Even though handheld gaming devices fall in a price range. Nowadays graduate students and researchers have turned to advanced Computer Aided Math software for learning as well as experimenting, north America – high school mathematics teachers allow and even encourage their students to use graphing calculators in class.
In some cases they are required, some of them are disallowed in certain classes such as chemistry or physics due to their capacity to contain full periodic tables. United Kingdom – a graphing calculator is allowed for A-level maths courses, however they are not required, similarly, at GCSE, all current courses include one paper where no calculator of any kind can be used, but students are permitted to use graphical calculators for other papers 9. – The Casio FX-7000G is a calculator which is widely known as being the worlds first graphing calculator available to the public. It was introduced to the public and later manufactured between 1985 and c, notable features are its ability to graph functions, and that it is programmable. The calculator offers 82 scientific functions and is capable of manual computation for basic arithmetic problems, the calculator can compute basic arithmetic functions with a precision up to 13 digits. Like many Casio calculators, the FX-7000G includes a mode, in addition to its display.
It holds 422 bytes of programming memory, less than half a kilobyte, however the calculator does allow for expanded/additional memory by a method of reducing the number of steps within a program. This is done by optimizing the amount of steps a program has to fill a unit of memory. The user may save any program they create or are in the process of creating in one of ten programming slots, the calculator uses a tokenized programming language which is well suited when writing more complex programs, as memory efficiency is a priority. Tokenization is performed by using characters and symbols in place of long lines of code to minimize the amount of memory being used, the User Manual programming catalog is written in these symbols, allowing for lengthier programs to be written with less effort and less memory.
One example is a program which estimates an indefinite integral through the use of Simpsons Rule, the calculator has 26 numeric memories as standard. Additional memories can be created by reducing the number of available for programs. Using this facility allows a total of 78 memories maximum, the calculator has a built in graphing feature which is unique to its model. The calculator can display either built-in graphs that are already programmed or display a user defined graph, the user also has the option to rewrite any of the previously programmed graphs. Statistical graphs can also be generated, bar graphs, line graphs, normal distribution curves, the FX-7000G incorporates an LCD Dot Matrix design via the display window.
When set into character mode the calculator can display up to sixteen characters on each of its eight display lines and this sixteen character by eight line display is screened on the 96 ×64 dot matrix. The LCD is not capable of colour or grey scale display, a black casing surrounds the calculator along with a metal panel implemented on the rear, a large plastic screen protects the LCD display window as well. Keys are labeled and printed on orange, green, blue, red, the calculators dimensions are 83.5 mm ×167 mm ×14 mm. It has a mass of 155.5 g including batteries.
The Casio Fx-7000G needs a 9.0 volt DC current lithium battery provided by 3 CR2032 type cells 10. – An application-specific integrated circuit /ˈeɪsɪk/, is an integrated circuit customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use. For example, a designed to run in a digital voice recorder or a high-efficiency Bitcoin miner is an ASIC. Application-specific standard products are intermediate between ASICs and industry standard integrated circuits like the 7400 or the 4000 series, as feature sizes have shrunk and design tools improved over the years, the maximum complexity possible in an ASIC has grown from 5,000 gates to over 100 million. Modern ASICs often include entire microprocessors, memory blocks including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, flash memory, such an ASIC is often termed a SoC. Designers of digital ASICs often use a hardware description language, such as Verilog or VHDL, for smaller designs or lower production volumes, FPGAs may be more cost effective than an ASIC design even in production.
The non-recurring engineering cost of an ASIC can run into the millions of dollars, the initial ASICs used gate array technology. An early successful commercial application was the gate array circuitry found in the 8-bit ZX81 and ZX Spectrum low-end personal computers and these were used by Sinclair Research essentially as a low-cost I/O solution aimed at handling the computers graphics. Customization occurred by varying the metal interconnect mask, Gate arrays had complexities of up to a few thousand gates.
Later versions became more generalized, with different base dies customised by both metal and polysilicon layers, some base dies include RAM elements. In the mid-1980s, a designer would choose an ASIC manufacturer, most designers ended up using factory-specific tools to complete the implementation of their designs. A solution to problem, which also yielded a much higher density device, was the implementation of standard cells. Standard-cell design is the utilization of these blocks to achieve very high gate density. Standard-cell design fits between Gate Array and Full Custom design in terms of both its non-recurring engineering and recurring component cost, by the late 1990s, logic synthesis tools became available. Such tools could compile HDL descriptions into a gate-level netlist, the design team constructs a description of an ASIC to achieve these goals using an HDL. This process is analogous to writing a program in a high-level language.
This is usually called the RTL design, suitability for purpose is verified by functional verification. This may include such techniques as logic simulation, formal verification, emulation, each technique has advantages and disadvantages, and often several methods are used. Logic synthesis transforms the RTL design into a collection of lower-level constructs called standard cells 11. – A dot matrix is a 2-dimensional patterned array, used to represent characters, symbols and images. Every type of modern technology uses dot matrices for display of information, including phones, televisions. They are also used in textiles with sewing, knitting, in printers, the dots are usually the darkened areas of the paper. In displays, the dots may light up, as in an LED, CRT, or plasma display, or darken, as in an LCD.
As an impact printer, the term refers to low-resolution impact printers, with a column of 8,9 or 24 pins hitting an ink-impregnated fabric ribbon, like a typewriter ribbon. It was originally contrasted with both daisy wheel printers and line printers that used fixed-shape embossed metal or plastic stamps to mark paper. Impact printers survive where multi-part forms are needed, as the pins can impress dots through multiple layers of paper to make a carbonless copy, all types of electronic printers typically generate image data as a two-step process. External raster image processing was possible such as to print a graphical image, depending on the printer technology the dot size or grid shape may not be uniform. Some printers are capable of producing smaller dots and will intermesh the small dots within the larger ones for antialiasing. A dot matrix is useful for marking materials other than paper, in manufacturing industry, many product marking applications use dot matrix inkjet or impact methods. This can also be used to print 2D matrix codes, e.
Although the output of modern computers is generally all in the form of dot matrices, vector data encoding requires less memory and less data storage, in situations where the shapes may need to be resized, as with font typefaces. For maximum image quality using only dot matrix fonts, it would be necessary to store a separate dot matrix pattern for the different potential point sizes that might be used. Instead, a group of vector shapes is used to render all the specific dot matrix patterns needed for the current display or printing task. An LED matrix or LED display is a large, low-resolution form of dot-matrix display and it consists of a 2-D diode matrix with their cathodes joined in rows and their anodes joined in columns. By controlling the flow of electricity through each row and column pair it is possible to control each LED individually, by multiplexing, scanning across rows, quickly flashing the LEDs on and off, it is possible to create characters or pictures to display information to the user. By varying the rate per LED, the display can approximate levels of brightness.
Multi-colored LEDs or RGB-colored LEDs permit use as an image display 12. – The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two-colour direct thermal printers can print both black and an additional colour by applying heat at two different temperatures, thermal transfer printing is a very different method that uses a heat-sensitive ribbon instead of heat-sensitive paper, but uses similar thermal print heads. The printer sends a current to the heating elements of the thermal head.
The heat activates the thermo-sensitive coloring layer of the thermosensitive paper, such a printing mechanism is known as a thermal system or direct system. The heating elements are arranged as a matrix of small closely spaced dots—thermal printers are actually dot-matrix printers.
The paper is impregnated with a mixture of a dye and a suitable matrix, a combination of a fluoran leuco dye. Controller boards are embedded with firmware to manage the thermal printer mechanisms, the firmware can manage multiple bar code types, graphics and logos. They enable the user to choose between different resident fonts and character sizes. Controller boards can drive various sensors such as low, paper out, door open and so on. For point of sale application some boards can also control the cash drawer, thermal printers print more quietly and usually faster than impact dot matrix printers.
They are also smaller, lighter and consume less power, making them ideal for portable and its efficiency can be utilized in retail sectors. Roll-based printers can be rapidly refilled and they often used unusually-sized supplies and were often used for making permanent records of information in the computer, rather than for correspondence. Through the 1990s many fax machines used thermal printing technology, thermal Receipt Printers are very efficient and quick.
Its efficiency can be utilized in retail sectors, thermal printers are still commonly used in seafloor exploration and engineering geology due to their portability, speed, and ability to create continuous reels or sheets. Typically, thermal printers found in applications are used to print realtime records of side scan sonar. In data processing, thermal printers are used to quickly create hard copies of continuous seismic or hydrographic records stored in digital SEG Y or XTF form.
The Game Boy Printer, released in 1998, was a thermal printer used to print out certain elements from some Game Boy games. Early formulations of the coating used in thermal paper were sensitive to incidental heat, abrasion, friction, light.
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